Abstract Economic findings are presented on a selection of refined nitrogen (N) rate demonstration trials conducted in the Wet Tropics, Burdekin and Mackay-Whitsunday regions of Queensland. Different N rates were examined to account for nutrients supplied by break crops, mill-by-products and groundwater irrigation. Reduced N rates were also considered in final ratoons, on cane varieties with perceived higher N-use efficiency, and where nitrification-inhibiting fertilisers were applied. Approaches to refined N rates were aligned to industry-led programs such as SIX EASY STEPS™ (6ES) and the more recent 6ES Toolbox. Past research has identified that applying N rates above 6ES guidelines often… Login to continue