Photosynthesis is a complex process by which carbon dioxide, water and inorganic salts are converted into carbohydrates by green plants, using chlorophyll and energy from the sun. Generally these carbohydrates are stored […]

An early Blackboard article dealt with inversion in general. It noted that details of its fundamental chemistry were published in the mid-’60s by Honig and Vukov.  New developments concerning sampling […]

Turbulent eddies can be created as juice flows in clarifiers such as the Dorr and Graver. Usually the feed travels horizontally outwards and vertically upwards. Horizontal flows reduce efficiency and […]

Once a new sugar beet variety has been developed, seed production begins. The seed is multiplied where the climate and soil guarantee the optimum quality. The agronomic advantage of the […]

Today about three-quarters of the world’s sugar is supplied from cane which is grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions; one-quarter is supplied from beet grown in more temperate climates. The […]

Horne’s dry lead, consisting of a mixture of 4 parts Pb(C2H3O2)2.PbO and 3 parts Pb(C2H3O2)2.2PbO, was known in 1904. In 1942 Bates noted that basic lead acetate was the most […]

Aquaculture is a fast growing segment of agriculture. The manufacture of feeds for shrimps or prawns is important in Asia where 90% of the global aquaculture production is found. A […]

Lionnet (2013)  noted that “in 1894  Deming patented a settling tank which was the forerunner of modern continuous clarifiers; Davies in 1936 gave 176 references covering 21 different types of […]

The Kraft process for paper making from wood pulp was invented in 1879 and used in 1890. In the early 1930s the recovery boiler enabled the recovery and reuse of the inorganic pulping […]